John Dalton

In existographies, John Dalton (1766-1844) (IQ:180|#144) [RGM:592|1,500+] (Simmons 100:74) (Hart 100:26) (Murray 4000:7|C) (Partington 50:14) (CR:25) was an English chemist, a chemical revolution player, notable for his work on atomic theory, specifically for giving the basic definition of atomic weights; for verification that all gases have the same coefficient of expansion.

Atoms | Molecules
In 1808, Dalton, in his New System of Chemical Philosophy, stating that volumes of gas consist of “a number of ultimate particles or molecules”, and used the terms atom and molecule differently; the following are his 20 main elements and symbols: [2]

These he explains as follows, where the right column number is the elements "relative atomic mass", relative to hydrogen:

The following are Dalton's molecules:

These he explains as follows:

Dalton’s main contribution was that he founded modern 'atomic theory' by initiating the basics of stoichiometry, assigning the hydrogen atom, the lightest element, as unity, and determined the atomic ratios in various molecules, such as nitrous anhydride N2O3. Dalton is often considered the 'father of modern atomic theory.'

Bonding
Dalton, aside from the discussion of strong chemical affinities, employed and popularized the hooked atom theory as a model for bonding; as well as some type of billiard ball model of atomic movement and collision.

Pauling
In 1917, of note, the Dalton-version of the "hook-and-eye bonding method" was still being taught at Oregon Agricultural College, to a young chemical engineering student Linus Pauling; the teaching of this archaic method is what supposedly drove Pauling to write the now famous 1939 textbook On The Nature of the Chemical Bond.

Praise | Tributes
The following are quotes of tribute or praise:

“It was from Dalton’s instruction, that I first formed a desire to increase my knowledge of original research.”
— James Joule (c.1850) [1]

References
1. Shachtman, Tom. (1999). Absolute Zero and the Quest for Absolute Cold (pg. 90). Mariner Books.
2. Dalton, John. (1808). New System of Chemical Philosophy. (extracts, pgs. 70-72; elements and molecules, pgs. 219-20, 227). Weale.

External links
● John Dalton – Wikipedia.

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