조지프 슐피터 | |
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태어난 | |
사망 | 1950년 1월 8일 타코닉, 코네티컷, 미국 | (66세)
국적 | 오스트리아 및 미국 |
기관 | 하버드대학교, 1932-50 본 대학교, 1925-32 비더만 은행, 1921-24 그라츠대학교, 1912-14 체르노비츠대학교, 1909-11 |
필드 | 경제학, 계량경제학 |
학교 또는 전통 | 역사 학교 |
앨마 메이터 | 비엔나 대학교 |
박사 관리자 | 오이겐 뵈름 폰 바베르크 |
박사 학생 | 페르디난드 에이 헤르멘스 폴 새뮤얼슨 제임스 토빈 [1] 앤 카터 [2] |
기타 주목할 만한 학생들 | 니콜라스 조르주스쿠 로겐 폴 스위지 하이먼 민스키 |
영향 | 앤-로버트 자크 투르고, 칼마르크스, 레온 왈라스, 칼 멘거, 구스타프 폰 슈몰러, 니콜라이 콘드라티예프, 맥스 베버, 빌프레도 파레토, 유겐 폰 뵈름 바베르크, 베르너 솜바트 |
기여 | 비즈니스 주기 창조적 파괴 경제 발전 기업가 정신 진화경제학 |
조지프 알로이스 슐피터 (독일어: [1883년2월 8일 ~ 1950년 1월 8일) [3] 오스트리아의 정치경제학자였다. 모라비아에서 태어난 그는 1919년에 오스트리아 재무장관으로 잠시 재직했다. 1932년, 그는 하버드 대학교에서 교수로 재직하면서 경력이 끝날 때까지 머물렀고, 결국 미국 시민권을 취득했습니다.
20 세기의 가장 영향력있는 경제학자 중 하나 인 Schumpeter는 경제학에서 "창조적인파괴"라는 용어를 대중화했습니다. [4] [5]
Schumpeter는 자신이 인생에서 세 가지 목표를 설정했다고 주장: 세계에서 가장 위대한 경제학자가 될, 오스트리아의 모든 에서 최고의 기수와 비엔나의모든에서 가장 큰 연인이 될. 그는 자신의 목표 중 두 가지에 도달했다고 말했지만, 그는 오스트리아에 그의 모든 열망에서 성공하기에는 훌륭한 기수가 너무 많다고 말한 것으로 알려졌지만 어느 두 가지,[6][7]라고 말하지 는 않았다. [8] [9]
내용을
초기 생활과 교육
Schumpeter는 1883년 합스부르크 모라비아(현재 체코의 트르제시, 오스트리아-헝가리의일부)에서 가톨릭 독일어를 구사하는 부모에게 태어났습니다. 그의 할머니는 모두 체코인이었다. [10] 슐피터는 자신의 체코 조상을 인정하지 않았다. 그는 자신을 인종독일인으로 여겼다. [10] 그의 아버지는 공장을 소유하고 있었지만, 조셉이 겨우 네 살때 죽었다. [11] 1893년에 조셉과 그의 어머니는 비엔나로 이사했다. [12] 슐피터는 오스트리아의 프란츠 요제프 1세의충성스러운 후원자였다. [10]
테레지아눔에서학교에 다닌 후, Schumpeter는 오스트리아의 수도 이론가 인 유겐 폰 뵈름-바베르크(Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk)의지휘 하에 비엔나 대학교에서 법학을 공부하기 시작했으며, 1906년에 박사 학위를 취득했습니다. 1909년, 몇 번의 연구 를 마친 후 체르노비츠 대학교에서경제학 및 정부 교수가 되었다. 에서 1911, 그는 그라츠 대학에합류, 그는 차 세계 대전까지 남아.
1918년, 슐피터는 독일 인민대표위원회가 설립한 사회화위원회의 일원이었다. 1919년 3월, 그는 독일-오스트리아공화국의 재무장관으로 취임했다. 그는 전쟁 부채를 해결하기위한 방법으로 자본 부과를 제안하고 알파인 마운틴 공장의 사회화에 반대했다. [13] 1921년 그는 비더만 은행의 회장이 되었다. 그는 또한 카우프만 은행의 이사회 멤버였습니다. 그 은행의 문제로 인해 슐피터는 부채를 떠났습니다. 그의 사임은 1924년 9월 비더만 은행의 인수 조건이었다. [14]
1925년부터 1932년까지, Schumpeter는 독일 본 대학교에서의자를 맡았습니다. 그는 1927-1928년과 1930년에 하버드에서 강의를 했습니다. 1931년에는 도쿄 상업대학의객원 교수로 일했습니다. 1932년, 슐피터는 미국으로이주했고, 곧 나치즘에의해 이주한 중부 유럽 경제학자들의 도움을 위한 광범위한 노력이 시작되었다. [15] 슐피터는 또한 마르크스주의와 사회주의에 반대하는 것으로 알려졌으며, 심지어 프랭클린 루즈벨트 대통령의 뉴딜을비판하기도 했다. [16] 1939년, 슐피터는 미국 시민이 되었다. 차 세계대전의 시작 부분에서, FBI는 그와 그의 아내 (일본 경제의 저명한 학자) 친 나치 의지에 대한 조사, 하지만 나치 동정의 증거를 발견하지 않았다. [17] [18]
하버드에서, Schumpeter는 기억에 남는 캐릭터로 간주되었다, 박식하고 심지어 교실에서 화려한. 그는 무거운 가르침의 짐과 학생들에 대한 개인적이고 근면한 관심으로 유명해졌습니다. 그는 대학원 경제 클럽의 교수 자문위원으로 재직했으며 개인 세미나 및 토론 그룹을 조직했습니다. [19] 일부 동료들은 케인즈주의에 의해 그의 견해가 유행이라고 생각했다. 다른 사람들은 그의 비판을 분개, 특히 폴 사무엘슨에조교수직을 제공하지 못한, 그러나 그들은 그가 예일 대학에서위치를 받아 들일 가능성이 있다고 생각했을 때 다시. [20] 그의 생애의 이 기간은 그의 거대한 2권의 책 비즈니스 사이클에 대한 노력과 비교적 작은 인식이 특징이었다. 그러나, Schumpeters 인내, 그리고 1942 년에 그의 모든 작품, 자본주의, 사회주의와민주주의의 가장 인기있는 되었다 출판, 여러 번 및 다음 수십 년 동안 많은 언어로 재인쇄, 뿐만 아니라 인용 수천 시간의. [21]
조셉 Schumpeter의 역동적인, 변화 지향적, 그리고 혁신 기반 경제학의 근원은 경제학의 역사학교였다. 그의 글은 학교에 비판적 일 수 있지만, 혁신과 기업가 정신의 역할에 Schumpeter의 작품은 역사 학교, 특히 구스타프 폰 Schmoller의 작품에 의해 유래 아이디어의 연속으로 볼 수 있습니다 그리고 베르너 솜바트. [22] [23]
진화경제학 [편집]
Schumpeter의 작품을 연구하는 데 많은 시간을 바친 학자 크리스토퍼 프리먼 (2009)에 따르면: "그의 일생 작업의 핵심은 [이다]: 자본주의는 지속적인 혁신의 진화 과정으로 이해 될 수 있습니다. ' 창조적 인 파괴''. [24]
경제 분석의 역사 [편집]
Schumpeter의 장학금은 그의 사후 경제 분석 역사에서명백하다 ,[25] 그의 판단의 일부는 특이하고 때로는 기병 처럼 보이지만. 예를 들어, Schumpeter는 가장 위대한 18세기 경제학자가 아담 스미스가아닌 투르고(Turgot)라고생각했고, 그는 레옹 왈라스를 다른 경제학자들 외에 "모든 경제학자 중 가장 위대한 경제학자"로 여겼습니다. 이론은 "월라시아 진리의 특정 측면을 잡으려고 부적절한 시도처럼"이었다. [26] 슐피터는 존 메이너드 케인스와 데이비드 리카르도가 "리카르디아 부통령"이라고 비난했다. Schumpeter에 따르면, 리카르도와 케인스는 추상적 인 모델의 관점에서 추론, 그들은 몇 가지 변수를 제외한 모든 동결 것. 그런 다음 그들은 하나가 간단한 단조로운 방식으로 다른 원인을 주장했다고 주장 할 수 있습니다. 이것은 매우 추상적 인 이론 적 모델에서 직접 정책 결론을 쉽게 추론 할 수 있다는 믿음으로 이어졌습니다.
이 책에서 조셉 슐피터는 금 화폐 표준이 피아트 화폐 표준에 비해 의미하는 바를 인식했습니다. 경제 분석의 역사에서Schumpeter는 다음과 같이 언급했습니다: "'자동' 금 통화는 라이세즈 페어와 자유 무역 경제의 일부이자 소포입니다. 그것은 모든 국가의 돈 속도와 가격 수준을 '금에'있는 다른 모든 국가의 돈 요금 및 가격 수준과 연결합니다. 그러나 금은 정부 지출에 매우 민감하며, 예를 들어 대외 정책, 특정 조세 정책, 그리고 일반적으로 이러한 모든 정책에 직접적으로 지출을 포함하지 않는 태도 나 정책에 매우 민감합니다. [고전적] 자유주의의 원칙을 위반한다. 이것이 금이 지금 인기를 얻지 초인 이유이자 부르주아 시대에 그토록 인기가 있었던 이유입니다." [27]
비즈니스 주기 [편집]
Schumpeter는 다른 경제학자들의 아이디어와의 관계는 경제 분석에 대한 그의 가장 중요한 기여인 비즈니스 주기 및 개발 이론에서 매우 복잡했습니다. 월라스도 케인스도 다음, Schumpeter는 경제 개발 이론에서 시작 [28] 순환 흐름의 논문으로, 어떤 혁신과 혁신적인 활동을 제외, 에 이르게 고정 상태. 고정 상태는, Schumpeter에 따르면, 월라시아 평형에의해 설명. 그의 이야기의 주인공은 기업가입니다..
기업가는이 평형을 방해하고 여러 시간 저울을 따라 순환 방식으로 진행되는 경제 발전의 주요 원인입니다. 혁신, 사이클, 개발을 연결하는 이 이론을 구상하는 과정에서, Schumpeter는 러시아 니콜라이 콘드라티예프의아이디어들을 50년 주기로 살아나게 했습니다. .
Schumpeter는 4개의 주요 사이클인 콘드라티예프(54년), 쿠즈네츠(18년), 주글러(9년) 및 키친(약 4년)을 함께 첨가하여 복합 파형을형성할 수 있는 모델을 제안했다. 사실 슐피터와 쿠즈네츠 사이에는 상당한 전문적인 경쟁이 있었습니다. 여기에 제안 된 파형은 Schumpeter가 유효한 주기로 인식하지 못했기 때문에 Kuznets Cycle을 포함하지 않았습니다. [설명이 필요] 자세한내용은 "비즈니스 주기" 를 참조하십시오. 콘드라티예프 파도는 3도의 쿠즈네파도 구성될 수 있다. [29] 각 쿠즈네파도는 두 개의 주글러 파동으로 구성될 수 있다. 마찬가지로 두 (또는 세) 키친 파도는 더 높은 학위 저글러 파를 형성 할 수있다. 이들 각각이 단계에 있다면, 더 중요한 것은 각각의 하향 호가 동시인 경우 각 자의 nadir가 일치했다면, 그것은 비참한 슬럼프와 그에 따른 우울증을 설명할 것입니다. 콘드라티예프 웨이브의 세분화에 관해서는, Schumpeter는 그러한 고정 모델을 제안하지 않았습니다. 그는 이러한 주기를 시간에 따라 변화하는 것을 보았습니다 – 비록 우연의 일치에 의해 타이트한 시간 프레임에 있지만 – 그리고 각각은 특정 목적을 위해 봉사하기 위해.
제안된 경제 파도 | |
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사이클/웨이브 이름 | 기간(년) |
키친 사이클 (재고, 예를 들어 돼지 고기 주기) | 3-5 |
주글러 주기 (고정투자) | 7–11 |
쿠즈넷 스윙 (인프라 투자) | 15–25 |
콘드라티예프 웨이브 (기술적 기반) | 45–60 |
케인즈주의 [편집]
Schumpeter의 이론에서, 월라시아 평형은 경제 발전의 주요 메커니즘을 포착하기에 적합하지 않습니다. Schumpeter는 또한 기업가가 자신의 비전을 실현하는 데 필요한 자원을 구입할 수있는 기관이 신용을 부여하기위한 기관의 전체 범위를 포함하여 잘 발달 된 자본주의 금융 시스템이라고 생각했다. 경제학자들을 "진짜" 분석을 강조하고 돈을 단지 "베일"로 간주하는 사람들, 그리고 (2) 금융 기관이 중요하고 돈이 별도의 원동력이 될 수 있다고 생각하는 사람들 로 나눌 수 있습니다. 슐피터와 케인스는 모두 후자중 하나였다. [인용필요]
자본주의의 몰락 [편집]
Schumpeter의 영어에서 가장 인기있는 책은 아마도 자본주의, 사회주의 및민주주의입니다. 그는 자본주의가 붕괴되고 사회주의로 대체될 것이라는 칼 마르크스에 동의하지만, Schumpeter는 이것이 올 다른 방법을 예측한다. 마르크스는 자본주의가 가장 자본주의 국가에서 실제로 일어난 폭력적인 프롤레타리아트 혁명에 의해 전복될 것이라고 예측했지만, 슐피터는 자본주의가 점차 적으로 약화되고 결국 붕괴될 것이라고 믿었다. 특히, 자본주의의 성공은 육체주의로 이어질 것이며, 특히 지식인들 사이에서 자본주의에 적대적인 가치로 이어질 것입니다..
"지식인"은 직접적으로 책임을 지지 않는 사회적 문제를 비판하고 다른 계급의 이익을 옹호하는 사회적 계급입니다. 지식인들은 자본주의에 대한 부정적 견해를 가지고 있는 경향이 있으며, 그들의 직업은 자본주의에 대한 적대감에 의존하기 때문에 명성에 의존하지 않는 경향이 있다. Schumpeter에 따르면 고등 교육을 받는 사람들의 증가는 자본주의의 큰 장점이라고 합니다. 그러나 실업과 성취감 부족은 지적 비판, 불만 및 항의를 야기할 것입니다.
Parliaments will increasingly elect social democratic parties, and democratic majorities will vote for restrictions on entrepreneurship. Increasing workers' self-management, industrial democracy and regulatory institutions would evolve non-politically into "liberal capitalism". Thus, the intellectual and social climate needed for thriving entrepreneurship will be replaced by some form of "laborism". This will exacerbate "creative destruction" (a borrowed phrase to denote an endogenous replacement of old ways of doing things by new ways), which will ultimately undermine and destroy the capitalist structure.
Schumpeter emphasizes throughout this book that he is analyzing trends, not engaging in political advocacy.[30]
William Fellner in the book Schumpeter’s Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 years, noted that Schumpeter saw any political system in which the power was fully monopolized as fascist.[31]
Democratic theory[edit]
In the same book, Schumpeter expounded a theory of democracy which sought to challenge what he called the "classical doctrine". He disputed the idea that democracy was a process by which the electorate identified the common good, and politicians carried this out for them. He argued this was unrealistic, and that people's ignorance and superficiality meant that in fact they were largely manipulated by politicians, who set the agenda. Furthermore, he claimed that even if the common good was possible to find, it would still not make clear the means needed to reach its end, since citizens do not have the requisite knowledge to design government policy.[32] This made a 'rule by the people' concept both unlikely and undesirable. Instead he advocated a minimalist model, much influenced by Max Weber, whereby democracy is the mechanism for competition between leaders, much like a market structure. Although periodic votes by the general public legitimize governments and keep them accountable, the policy program is very much seen as their own and not that of the people, and the participatory role for individuals is usually severely limited.
Entrepreneurship[edit]
Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to theorize about entrepreneurship, and the field owed much to his contributions. His fundamental theories are often referred to[33] as Mark I and Mark II. In Mark I, Schumpeter argued that the innovation and technological change of a nation come from the entrepreneurs, or wild spirits. He coined the word Unternehmergeist, German for "entrepreneur-spirit", and asserted that "... the doing of new things or the doing of things that are already being done in a new way"[34] stemmed directly from the efforts of entrepreneurs.
Schumpeter developed Mark II while a professor at Harvard. Many social economists and popular authors of the day argued that large businesses had a negative effect on the standard of living of ordinary people. Contrary to this prevailing opinion, Schumpeter argued that the agents that drive innovation and the economy are large companies which have the capital to invest in research and development of new products and services and to deliver them to customers more cheaply, thus raising their standard of living. In one of his seminal works, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Schumpeter wrote:
As soon as we go into details and inquire into the individual items in which progress was most conspicuous, the trail leads not to the doors of those firms that work under conditions of comparatively free competition but precisely to the door of the large concerns – which, as in the case of agricultural machinery, also account for much of the progress in the competitive sector – and a shocking suspicion dawns upon us that big business may have had more to do with creating that standard of life than with keeping it down.[35]
As of 2017【업데이트】 Mark I and Mark II arguments are considered complementary.[36]
Cycles and long wave theory[edit]
Schumpeter was the most influential thinker to argue that long cycles are caused by innovation, and are an incident of it. His treatise on business cycles developed were based on Kondratiev's ideas which attributed the causes very differently. Schumpeter's treatise brought Kondratiev's ideas to the attention of English-speaking economists. Kondratiev fused important elements that Schumpeter missed. Yet, the Schumpeterian variant of long-cycles hypothesis, stressing the initiating role of innovations, commands the widest attention today. [37] In Schumpeter's view, technological innovation is at the cause of both cyclical instability and economic growth. Fluctuations in innovation cause fluctuation in investment and those cause cycles in economic growth. Schumpeter sees innovations as clustering around certain points in time periods that he refers to as "neighborhoods of equilibrium", when entrepreneurs perceive that risk and returns warrant innovative commitments. These clusters lead to long cycles by generating periods of acceleration in aggregate growth. [38]
The technological view of change needs to demonstrate that changes in the rate of innovation governs changes in the rate of new investments, and that the combined impact of innovation clusters takes the form of fluctuation in aggregate output or employment. The process of technological innovation involves extremely complex relations among a set of key variables: inventions, innovations, diffusion paths and investment activities. The impact of technological innovation on aggregate output is mediated through a succession of relationships that have yet to be explored systematically in the context of long wave. New inventions are typically primitive, their performance is usually poorer than existing technologies and the cost of their production is high. A production technology may not yet exist, as is often the case in major chemical inventions, pharmaceutical inventions. The speed with which inventions are transformed into innovations and diffused depends on actual and expected trajectory of performance improvement and cost reduction. [39]
Innovation[edit]
Schumpeter identified innovation as the critical dimension of economic change.[40] He argued that economic change revolves around innovation, entrepreneurial activities, and market power. He sought to prove that innovation-originated market power can provide better results than the invisible hand and price competition. He argued that technological innovation often creates temporary monopolies, allowing abnormal profits that would soon be competed away by rivals and imitators. These temporary monopolies were necessary to provide the incentive for firms to develop new products and processes.[40]
Personal life[edit]
He was married three times.[41] His first wife was Gladys Ricarde Seaver, an Englishwoman nearly 12 years his senior (married 1907, separated 1913, divorced 1925). His best man at his wedding was his friend and Austrian jurist Hans Kelsen. His second was Anna Reisinger, 20 years his junior and daughter of the concierge of the apartment where he grew up. As a divorced man, he and his bride converted to Lutheranism in order to marry.[42] They married in 1925, but within a year, she died in childbirth. The loss of his wife and newborn son came only weeks after Schumpeter's mother had died. In 1937, Schumpeter married the American economic historian Elizabeth Boody, who helped him popularize his work and edited what became their magnum opus, the posthumously published History of Economic Analysis.[43]
Later life and death[edit]
Schumpeter died in his home in Taconic, Connecticut, at the age of 66, on the night of 7 January 1950.[44]
Legacy[edit]
For some time after his death, Schumpeter's views were most influential among various heterodox economists, especially European, who were interested in industrial organization, evolutionary theory, and economic development, and who tended to be on the other end of the political spectrum from Schumpeter and were also often influenced by Keynes, Karl Marx, and Thorstein Veblen. Robert Heilbroner was one of Schumpeter's most renowned pupils, who wrote extensively about him in The Worldly Philosophers. In the journal Monthly Review John Bellamy Foster wrote of that journal's founder Paul Sweezy, one of the leading Marxist economists in the United States and a graduate assistant of Schumpeter's at Harvard, that Schumpeter "played a formative role in his development as a thinker".[45] Other outstanding students of Schumpeter's include the economists Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen and Hyman Minsky and John Kenneth Galbraith and former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan.[46] Future Nobel Laureate Robert Solow was his student at Harvard, and he expanded on Schumpeter's theory.[47]
Today, Schumpeter has a following outside standard textbook economics, in areas such as economic policy, management studies, industrial policy, and the study of innovation. Schumpeter was probably the first scholar to develop theories about entrepreneurship. For instance, the European Union's innovation program, and its main development plan, the Lisbon Strategy, are influenced by Schumpeter. The International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society awards the Schumpeter Prize.
The Schumpeter School of Business and Economics opened in October 2008 at the University of Wuppertal. According to University President Professor Lambert T. Koch, "Schumpeter will not only be the name of the Faculty of Management and Economics, but this is also a research and teaching programme related to Joseph A. Schumpeter."[48]
On 17 September 2009, The Economist inaugurated a column on business and management named "Schumpeter."[49] The publication has a history of naming columns after significant figures or symbols in the covered field, including naming its British affairs column after former editor Walter Bagehot and its European affairs column after Charlemagne. The initial Schumpeter column praised him as a "champion of innovation and entrepreneurship" whose writing showed an understanding of the benefits and dangers of business that proved to be far ahead of its time.[50]
Major works[edit]
Books[edit]
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1906). Über die mathematische Methode der theoretischen Ökonomie. Zeitschrift für Volkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 809174553.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1907). Das Rentenprinzip in der Verteilungslehre. Germany: Jahrbuch für Gesetzgebung, Verwaltung and Volkswirtschaft im Deutschen Reich.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). Das Wesen und der Hauptinhalt der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. Germany: Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. OCLC 5455469.
- Translated as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2010). The nature and essence of economic theory. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412811507. Translated by: Bruce A. McDaniel
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1908). Methodological Individualism. Germany. OCLC 5455469. Pdf of preface by F.A. Hayek and first eight pages.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1909). Bemerkungen über das Zurechnungsproblem. Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 49426617.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). Marie Ésprit Léon Walras. Germany: Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. OCLC 64863803.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1910). Über das Wesen der Wirtschaftskrisen. Zeitschrift für Wolkswirtschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 64863847.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft. Schriften des Sozialwissenschaftlichen Akademischen Vereins in Czernowitz, Heft II. München und Leipzig, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. OCLC 11387887.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Opie, Redvers (1983) [1934]. The theory of economic development: an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books. ISBN 9780878556984. Translated from the 1911 original German, Theorie der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (author); Aris, Reinhold (translator) (1954). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. New York: Oxford University Press. OCLC 504289265. Translated from the 1912 original German, Epochen der dogmen – und Methodengeschichte. Pdf version.
- Reprinted in hardback as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2011). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Whitefish Montana: Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN 9781258003425.
- Reprinted in paperback as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2012). Economic doctrine and method: an historical sketch. Translated by Aris, Reinhold. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Fine Books. ISBN 9781614273370.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1914). Das wissenschaftliche lebenswerk eugen von böhm-bawerks. Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 504214232.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1915). Vergangenkeit und Zukunft der Sozialwissenschaft. Germany: München und Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot. Reprinted by the University of Michigan Library
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1918). The crisis of the tax state. OCLC 848977535.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "The crisis of the tax state", in Swedberg, Richard (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 99–140, ISBN 9780691003832
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1919). The sociology of imperialisms. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik.
- Reprinted as Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 9780678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1920). Max Weber's work. German: Der österreichische Volkswirt.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991), "Max Weber's work", in Swedberg, Richard (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, pp. 220–29, ISBN 9780691003832
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1921). Carl Menger. Zeitschrift für Wolkswritschaft, Sozialpolitik und Verwaltung. Germany: Wien. OCLC 809174610.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). Social classes in an ethnically homogeneous environment. Germany: Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik. OCLC 232481.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 9780678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1928). Das deutsche finanzproblem. Schriftenreihe d. dt. Volkswirt. Berlin, Germany: Dt. Volkswirt. OCLC 49426617.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "Depressions: Can we learn from past experience?", in Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Chamberlin, Edward; Leontief, Wassily W.; Brown, Douglass V.; Harris, Seymour E.; Mason, Edward S.; Taylor, Overton H. (eds.), The economics of the recovery program, New York, New York London: McGraw-Hill, OCLC 1555914
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1934), "The nature and necessity of a price system", in Harris, Seymour E.; Bernstein, Edward M. (eds.), Economic reconstruction, New York, New York London: McGraw-Hill, ISBN 9781258305727, OCLC 331342
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1936), "Professor Taussig on wages and capital", in Taussig, Frank W. (ed.), Explorations in economics: notes and essays contributed in honor of F.W. Taussig, New York, New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 213–22, ISBN 9780836904352
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2006) [1939]. Business cycles: a theoretical, historical, and statistical analysis of the capitalist process. Mansfield Centre, Connecticut: Martino Pub. ISBN 9781578985562.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2014) [1942]. Capitalism, socialism and democracy (2nd ed.). Floyd, Virginia: Impact Books. ISBN 978-1617208652.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1943), "Capitalism in the postwar world", in Harris, Seymour E. (ed.), Postwar economic problems, New York, New York London: McGraw-Hill, OCLC 730387
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "The future of private enterprise in the face of modern socialistic tendencies", in Conference, Papers (ed.), The economics and sociology of capitalism (ESC) Comment sauvegarder l'entreprise privée (conference papers), Montreal: Association Professionnelle des Industriels, pp. 401–05, OCLC 796197764
- See also the English translation: Henderson, David R.; Prime, Michael G. (Fall 1975). "Schumpeter on preserving private enterprise". History of Political Economy. 7 (3): 293–98. doi:10.1215/00182702-7-3-293.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Crum, William Leonard (1946). Rudimentary mathematics for economists and statisticians. New York, New York London: McGraw-Hill. OCLC 1246233.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1946), "Capitalism", in Bento, William (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, Chicago: University of Chicago
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) [1948], "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.), Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism, Nation's business, 1, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, pp. 241–52 ISBN 9781412822749
- Originally printed as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). "There is still time to stop inflation". The Nation's Business. United States Chamber of Commerce. 6: 33–35. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Continued on pp. 88–91.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "Economic theory and entrepreneurial history", in Wohl, R. R. (ed.), Change and the entrepreneur: postulates and the patterns for entrepreneurial history, Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, OCLC 2030659
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1949), "The historical approach to the analysis of business cycles", in National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), Conference (ed.), NBER Conference on Business Cycle Research, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1951). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 166951.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1965). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. New York Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 894563181.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1997). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. London: Routledge. ISBN 9780415110785.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2003). Ten great economists: from Marx to Keynes. San Diego: Simon Publications. ISBN 9781932512090.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1969) [1951]. Clemence, Richard V. (ed.). Essays on economic topics of J.A. Schumpeter. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press. ISBN 9780804605854.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1954). History of economic analysis. London: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9780415108881. Edited from a manuscript by Elizabeth Boody Schumpeter.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1989) [1951]. Sweezy, Paul M. (ed.). Imperialism and social classes. Fairfield, New Jersey: Augustus M. Kelley. ISBN 9780678000205.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Alvarado, Ruben (translator) (2014). Mann, Fritz Karl (ed.). Treatise on money. Aalten, the Netherlands: Wordbridge Publishing. ISBN 9789076660363. Missing
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(help)- Originally printed as: Schumpeter, Joseph (1970). Das wesen des geldes. Neuauflage, Göttingen, Germany: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 9783525131213. Reprinted in 2008.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1991). Swedberg, Richard (ed.). The economics and sociology of capitalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691003832.
Journal articles[edit]
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1909). on the concept of social value". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 23 (2): 213–32. doi:10.2307/1882798. JSTOR 1882798.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1927). "The explanation of the business cycle". Economica. 21 (21): 286–311. doi:10.2307/2548401. JSTOR 2548401.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1928). "The instability of capitalism". The Economic Journal. 38 (151): 361–86. doi:10.2307/2224315. JSTOR 2224315.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1931). "The present world depression: a tentative diagnosis". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. American Economic Association. 21 (1): 179–82. JSTOR 1802985.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (January 1933). "The common sense of econometrics". Econometrica. 1 (1): 5–12. doi:10.2307/1912225. JSTOR 1912225.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1935). "A theorist's comment on the current business cycle". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 30 (189): 167–68. doi:10.2307/2278223. JSTOR 2278223.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1935). "The analysis of economic change". The Review of Economics and Statistics. 17 (4): 2–10. doi:10.2307/1927845. JSTOR 1927845.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1940). "The influence of protective tariffs on the industrial development of the United States". Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science. 19 (1): 2–7. doi:10.2307/1172508. JSTOR 1172508.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1946). "The decade of the twenties". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Fifty-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (The American Economy in the Interwar Period). American Economic Association. 36 (2): 1–10. JSTOR 1818192.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1947). "The creative response in economic history". The Journal of Economic History. 7 (2): 149–59. doi:10.1017/s0022050700054279. JSTOR 2113338.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1947). "Theoretical problems: theoretical problems of economic growth". The Journal of Economic History. Economic History Association. 7, Supplement: Economic Growth: A Symposium (1947): 1–9. JSTOR 2113264.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1948). "There is still time to stop inflation". The Nation's Business. United States Chamber of Commerce. 6: 33–35. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29. Continued on pp. 88–91.
- Reprinted as: Schumpeter, Joseph A. (2009) [1948], "There is still time to stop inflation", in Clemence, Richard V. (ed.), Essays: on entrepreneurs, innovations, business cycles, and the evolution of capitalism, Nation's business, 1, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Books, pp. 241–52 ISBN 9781412822749
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1949). "Science and ideology". The American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 39 (2): 346–59. JSTOR 1812737.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1949). "The Communist Manifesto in sociology and economics". Journal of Political Economy. 57 (3): 199–212. doi:10.1086/256806. JSTOR 1826126.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (October 1949). "English economists and the state-managed economy". Journal of Political Economy. 57 (5): 371–82. doi:10.1086/256862. JSTOR 1825618.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1950). "The march into socialism". The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Sixty-second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. American Economic Association. 40 (2): 446–56. JSTOR 1818062.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1951). "Review of the troops (a chapter from the history of economic analysis)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 65 (2): 149–80. doi:10.2307/1879531. JSTOR 1879531.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1982). "The "crisis" in economics – fifty years ago". Journal of Economic Literature. American Economic Association. 20 (3): 1049–59. JSTOR 2724411.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1983). "American institutions and economic progress". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. Mohr Siebeck. 139 (2): 191–96. JSTOR 40750589.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Boody Schumpeter, Elizabeth (September 1988). "Schumpeter on the disintegration of the bourgeois family". Population and Development Review. 14 (3): 499–506. doi:10.2307/1972201. JSTOR 1972201.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1984). "The meaning of rationality in the social sciences". Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. Mohr Siebeck. 140 (4): 577–93. JSTOR 40750743.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (author); Swedberg, Richard (introduction) (Fall 1991). "Money and currency". Social Research. The New School. 58 (3): 499–543. JSTOR 40970658.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (author); Muller, Jerry Z. (translator) (March 2003). "How does one study social science?". Society. 40 (3): 57–63. doi:10.1007/s12115-003-1039-3. Translated from a speech given in German by Schumpeter, Wie studiert man Sozialwissenschaft.
Memoriams[edit]
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Cole, A. H.; Mason, E. S. (May 1941). "Frank William Taussig". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 55 (3): 337–63. doi:10.2307/1885636. JSTOR 1885636.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (September 1946). "John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946". The American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 36 (4): 495–518. JSTOR 1801721.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (May 1949). "Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 63 (2): 147–73. doi:10.2307/1883096. JSTOR 188309.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (February 1950). "Wesley Clair Mitchell (1874–1948)". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 64 (1): 139–55. doi:10.2307/1881963. JSTOR 1881963.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (July 1948). "Irving Fisher's Econometrics". Econometrica. 16 (3): 219–31. doi:10.2307/1907276. JSTOR 1907276.
Reviews[edit]
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1927). "The economic problem by R. G. Hawtrey". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv (Review of World Economics). Springer. 26 (1): 131–133. JSTOR 40416594.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (November 1930). "Mitchell's: Business cycles". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 45 (1): 150–72. doi:10.2307/1882530. JSTOR 1882530.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1933). "Essays in biography by J. M. Keynes". The Economic Journal. 43 (172): 652–57. doi:10.2307/2224509. JSTOR 2224509.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A.; Nichol, A. J. (April 1934). "Review of Robinson's Economics of imperfect competition". Journal of Political Economy. 42 (2): 249–59. doi:10.1086/254595. JSTOR 1823265.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (December 1936). "Review of Keynes's General Theory". Journal of the American Statistical Association. 31 (196): 757–820. doi:10.1080/01621459.1936.10502311.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (June 1941). "Alfred Marshall's Principles: a semi-centennial appraisal". The American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 31 (2): 236–48. JSTOR 356.
- Schumpeter, Joseph A. (March 1944). "Reflections on the revolution of our time by Harold J. Laski". The American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 34 (1.1): 161–64. JSTOR 1813741.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Tobin, James (1986). "James Tobin". In Breit, William; Spencer, Roger W. (eds.). Lives of the Laureates, Seven Nobel Economists. Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England: The MIT Press. Archived from the original on August 26, 2003.
- ^ Rachel McCulloch. "Interview with Anne Carter".
- ^ "Joseph Alois Schumpeter: Biography". Concise Encyclopedia of Economics (2nd ed.). Econlib.org Liberty Fund. 2008. Retrieved 2017-06-18.
- ^ "Thomas M. Humphrey". Libertarianism.org. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ Stone, Brad; Vance, Ashlee (January 25, 2009). "$200 Laptops Break a Business Model". New York Times. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
Indeed, Silicon Valley may be one of the few places where businesses are still aware of the ideas of Josephine Schumpeter, an economist from Austria who wrote about business cycles during the first half of the last century. He said the lifeblood of capitalism was 'creative destruction.' Companies rising and falling would unleash innovation and in the end make the economy stronger.
- ^ George Viksnins. Professor of Economics. Georgetown University. Economic Systems in Historical Perspective
- ^ Schumpeter's Diary as quoted in "Prophet of Innovation" by Thomas McCraw, p. 4.
- ^ P.A. Samuelson and W.D. Nordhaus, Economics (1998, p. 178)
- ^ Humphrey, Thomas M. "Analyst of Change" (PDF). Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
- ^ 위로 점프: a b c Robert Loring Allen (1991). Opening Doors: the Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter: Europe (Volume 1). ASIN B00ZY8X8D4.
- ^ Reisman, David A. (2004). Schumpeter's Market: Enterprise and Evolution. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 4.
- ^ Shionoya, Yuichi (2007). Schumpeter and the Idea of Social Science: A Metatheoretical Study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 14.
- ^ Seidl, Christian (1994). "The Bauer-Schumpeter Controversy on Socialisation". History of Economic Ideas. Accademia Editoriale. 2 (2): 54–67. JSTOR 23722217.
- ^ Allen, Robert Loring (1991). Opening Doors: The Life and Work of Joseph Schumpeter. Transaction. pp. 186–89. ISBN 9781412815611.
- ^ McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 231–32.
- ^ McCraw, pp. 317–21
- ^ Entrepreneurship, Competitiveness and Local Development. (Iandoli, Landström and Raffa, 2007, p. 5)
- ^ McCraw, pp. 337–43
- ^ McCraw, Prophet of Innovation, pp. 210–17.
- ^ McCraw, pp. 273–78. 306–11.
- ^ McCraw p. 347 et seq.
- ^ PG Michaelides, The Influence of the German Historical School on Schumpeter, 17th International Conference of the European Association for. Evolutionary Political Economy, Bremen/Germany, November 2005.
- ^ Michaelides, Panayotis G. (2009). "Joseph Schumpeter and the German Historical School". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 33 (3): 495–516. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.903.6952. doi:10.1093/cje/ben052.
- ^ (Freeman, 2009; p. 126) in Techno-economic paradigms: essays in honor of Carlota Perez. Edited by Wolfgang Drechsler, Erik Reinert, Rainer Kattel.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. London: George Allen and Unwin.
- ^ "Phases of the Marginalist Revolution". HET. Archived from the original on 2013-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-09.
- ^ Timberlake, Richard (August 2005). "Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy" (PDF). Econ Journal Watch. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Schumpeter, J.A. The theory of economic development : an inquiry into profits, capital, credit, interest, and the business cycle translated from the German by Redvers Opie (1961) New York: OUP
- ^ Recent research suggests that the Kuznets swing could be regarded as the third harmonic of the Kondratiev wave – see Korotayev, Andrey V., & Tsirel, Sergey V. A Spectral Analysis of World GDP Dynamics: Kondratieff Waves, Kuznets Swings, Juglar and Kitchin Cycles in Global Economic Development, and the 2008–2009 Economic Crisis. Structure and Dynamics. 2010. Vol.4. #1. pp. 3–57.
- ^ John Medearis, "Schumpeter, the New Deal, and Democracy", The American Political Science Review, 1997.
- ^ Heertje, Arnold (1981). Schumpeter’s Vision: Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy After 40 years. New York, New York: Praeger. pp. 50–54.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (1st ed.). Harper and Brothers. p. 252.
- ^ Fontana, Roberto; et al. (2012). "Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" (PDF). School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Department of Economics. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE WORKING PAPERS ISSN Nº 0874-4548: 2–37.
- ^ Schumpeter, J. A. (1947). "The Creative Response in Economic History". Journal of Economic History. 7 (2): 149–59. doi:10.1017/s0022050700054279.
- ^ Schumpeter, Joseph (1942). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper and Roe Publishers. p. 82.
- ^ Fontana, Roberto; et al. (2012). "Schumpeterian patterns of innovation and the sources of breakthrough inventions: Evidence from a Data-Set of R&D Awards" (PDF). School of Economics and Management TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF LISBON Department of Economics. WP 24/2012/DE/UECE WORKING PAPERS ISSN Nº 0874-4548: 2–37.
- ^ Freeman, Christopher, ed. Long Wave Theory, International Library of Critical Writings in Economics: Edward Elgar, 1996
- ^ Rosenberg, Nathan. "Technological Innovation and Long Waves." In Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History, 62–84. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
- ^ Mansfield, Edwin (May 1983). "Long Waves and Technological Innovation". The American Economic Review. 73 (2): 141–45. JSTOR 1816829.
- ^ Jump up to: a b An Introduction to Economics with Emphasis on Innovation, Pol, E Carroll,P, 2006
- ^ Geoffrey Hawthorn, "Schumpeter the Superior"
- ^ "Joseph A. Schumpeter: His Life and Work" by Richard Swedberg, page 1894.
- ^ Joseph A. Schumpeter. A Theory of Social and Economic Evolution (Andersen, E.S., 2011)
- ^ Giersch, H. (May 1984). "The Age of Schumpeter". The American Economic Review. American Economic Association. 74 (2): 103–09. JSTOR 1816338.
- ^ Foster, John Bellamy (May 2008). "Sweezy in Perspective". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ Greenspan, Alan (2007). The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World. Penguin Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-59420-131-8.
I've watched the process [creative destruction] at work through my entire career,
- ^ Thoma, Mark (2007-05-17). "Robert Solow on Joseph Schumpeter". Economistsview.typepad.com. Retrieved 2010-09-21.
- ^ "Opening ceremony: Schumpeter School of Business and Economics". University of Wuppertal. 8 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011.
- ^ "Taking Flight". The Economist. 17 September 2009.
- ^ Schumpeter (17 September 2009). "Taking flight". The Economist. Economist.com. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
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